antarcticocean.app

#Antarctic Ocean Application Meta

#Antarctic Ocean | Encircles Antarctica | Waters south of 60° S latitude | Covers ca. 21.96 million square kilometers | The fourth largest ocean basin | Antarctic Circumpolar Current (AAC) flows through it | ACC significantly influences global ocean circulation by connecting Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans | Average depth of approximately 3,270 meters (10,728 feet) | Maximum depth of 7,434 meters (24,390 feet) at Factorian Deep

#Mass Balance Measuring

#Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)

#Capitals Coalition

#Issibern

#SOOS

#Discovering Antarctica

#MIT Earth System Model

#Frontiersin

#Research Gate

#The Explorer

#BAS

#HPE

#NOC

#Marine Copernicus

#Unesco

#SCAR

#Earth Observatory NASA

#ESA

#Cambridge Core

#Springer Link

#PEW Trusts

#NASA Ocean Color

#AVICO Altimetry

#NSIDC

#USF Marine Science

#UTAS

#MBARI

#Vaisala

#Biral

#Australian Antarctic Program

#Universite Grenoble Alpes

#Georgia Institute Of Technology

#Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change

#Scripps Institution Of Oceanography

#PolarTrec

#Ocean Visions

#KOPRI

#NASA

#ECAgroup

#TAYAO

#Marine Copernicus EU

#Saft Batteries

#Uutech

#Master Volt

#Orion BMS

#fDiintelligence

#Analyzing Data

#Work Flow Setup

#Software Package Selection

#Apollo Mapping

#GIS University

#Data Gov Au

#Earth Watch

#IQ Geo

#GIS Lounge

#Quantarctica

#Lufft

#Environmental DNA | eDNA | Snow Track | Nucleare DNA | Genotyping | Microsatellite Markers | eDNA from cells shed in urine, faeces, sweat, breath, skin and other sources using similar field and molecular methods to those in forensic science

#Penguin Rookeries

#FastIce

#Humpback Whales

#Austral Summer

#Polar Circle

#Whale Encounters

#Glacier Monitoring

#Cryosphere

#Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem (VME) | One nautical mile in radius | Hub of biodiversity | Made up of organisms especially vulnerable to bottom-fishing gear | Refuge for life forms stressed by rapidly warming ocean

#Limited satellite connectivity

#Antarctic krill fishing and processing ship Fuyuanyu 9199 | Started its maiden voyage | Headed for Antarctic | Equipped advanced fishing and processing systems | 138.8 meters long | 24 meters wide | 12 meters deep | Over 16,572 tons gross tonnage | Continuous pump-suction fishing system | Suction pumps and pipes suck fresh krill from underwater directly onto boat | Krill separated from water | Antarctic krill 6 cm long and 2 grams in weight | Double-truss trawling and continuous pump-suction fishing is used | By generating negative pressure, suction is formed at net tail , which sucks krill and seawater that enter fishing net onto boat | Seawater is discharged through filtering device, leaving krill, thus ensuring that krill are more complete and fresher in quality | Ship is designed and built according to ice zone B1 level | Ship can sail in small floating ice area or thin ice area in polar region | Ship can operate in environment of minus 25 degrees Celsius | Ship expected to catch 80,000 to 100,000 tons of Antarctic krill every year

#Southern Ocean Heat Burp in a Cooling World | Simulating several hundred years of net-negative emissions and gradual global cooling | Abrupt discharge of heat from Southern Ocean modeled | Global mean surface temperature increase of several tenths of degrees lasting for more than a century modeled | Ocean heat burp reasoned to originate from heat previously accumulated under global warming in deep Southern Ocean | Multi-centennial scale climate simulations | Question of the durability of oceanic storage of heat and carbon more urgent as ocean warming is accelerating | As atmospheric CO2 strongly decreases and atmospheric temperature declines, carbon and heat stored in the ocean start to return to the ocean surface | The majority of interior ocean waters ultimately returns to Southern Ocean surface and is reexposed to atmosphere in Southern Ocean | In Southern Ocean density layers outcrop at ocean surface, directly connecting surface to interior ocean thereby regulating oceanic exchange with atmosphere | Combined with persistent large-scale upwelling, Southern Ocean is prominent candidate for release of heat and carbon from ocean interior under reversal of atmospheric CO2 and global cooling | 40% of oceanic uptake of carbon | 80% of oceanic uptake of heat | Earth system model | Mass and energy conserving University of Victoria model UVic | Simulations of long time scales and carbon cycle feedbacks | UVic features atmospheric energy-balance model, ocean circulation and sea-ice model, land biosphere and ocean biogeochemistry with two plankton groups | Horizontal resolution: 3.6 × 1.8 | Ocean model; 19 vertical z-layers with increasing thicknesses over depths from 50m to 500m | Ocean Heat Release Causes Warm Period | Accumulated Heat Pushing up in Southern Ocean | Large-scale upwelling of deep waters in Southern Ocean keep surface temperatures comparatively cool | Southern Ocean serves as window to atmosphere, abruptly releasing heat during event and driving global surface warming and top of atmosphere energy loss, causing heat burp | Climate and Earth system models do not simulate changes in ice sheets and consequently miss the effect of freshwater input to ocean associated with ice sheet mass loss under global warming | Melt water discharge from Antarctic ice sheet triggered by global warming will have an additional, long-lasting freshening effect | Model used lacks a full response of the wind | Model also misses cloud feedbacks | Research underlines both importance of Southern Ocean in climate system and its response to changes in climate system beyond heat and carbon uptake under contemporary rising global temperatures | It is important to continue to improve process understanding of how waters return from interior Southern Ocean and what determines their properties | Interactive ice sheets needed | Observational data collection needed | Deep Argo observing waters below 2,000 m depths needed | Ack: research-unit Biogeochemical Modeling and funding by European Research Council (ERC)

#Recognition of the rights of Antarctica | Antarctica, including the Southern Ocean south of the Antarctic Convergence, consists of a unique environment and dependent and associated ecosystems that play indispensable roles in maintaining conditions conducive to the flourishing of life on Earth, including climate stability | ACK: Antarctica Treaty system & 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to Antarctic Treaty & Commission for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) & their recognition & protection of Antarctic environment &dependent & associated ecosystems, intrinsic value of Antarctica, its wilderness & aestheticvalues & dedication of Antarctica to peace &science | ACK: existence of global initiatives which aim to to recognise Antarctica & Southern Ocean & many Antarctic biota, to exist, to be wild, and to continue their regenerative cycles and processes free of human disruption or control, in order to enable them to fulfil their roles within larger Earth community | REC: international community addressing Antarctic governance through Antarctic Treaty System & work & recommendations of IUCN Task Force on Antarctica & Southern Ocean & 2025 IUCN Strategy, Policy & Programme on Antarctica & Southern Ocean | NB: current & projected deterioration of Antarctic environment & dependent & associated ecosystems due to activities within & outside area regulated byAntarctic Treaty System (ATS), inc activities contributing to degradation of ecosystems, such as climate change, plastic pollution, Illegal, Unreported & Unregulated (IUU) fishing | RECALL: IUCN long-standing commitment to protecting Antarctic ecosystems, species and unique wilderness values | ASKS Director General, IUCN Antarctic & Southern Ocean Task Force, IUCN Commissions & IUCN Members to thoroughly evaluate concept of fundamental rights of Antarctica and corresponding duties of humans | RECOMMENDS Director General, in collaboration with WCEL, IUCN Antarctic and Southern Ocean Task Force, IUCN Commissions & IUCN Members, submit report to IUCN Members on evaluation progress by IUCN, IUCN Members & partner stakeholders to implement this Resolution | ENCOURAGES IUCN Members to advance cooperation under Antarctic Treaty System to protect intrinsic value of Antarctica & its dependent & associated ecosystems